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鋁翅片管在冷凝器中的運用

作(zuo)者:滄(cang)州市大唐管業 發布(bu)時間(jian):2021-06-15瀏覽量:0

  鋁翅(chi)片(pian)(pian)管是為(wei)了(le)提高換(huan)熱(re)效(xiao)率。換(huan)熱(re)管表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)通常(chang)增(zeng)加翅(chi)片(pian)(pian),以增(zeng)加換(huan)熱(re)管的(de)(de)外表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)積(或內表(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)積),從(cong)而達到(dao)提高換(huan)熱(re)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)是空調系統的(de)(de)*部分,它可(ke)以將(jiang)管道中(zhong)的(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)快速傳遞給管道附近的(de)(de)空氣(qi)。大(da)多數(shu)汽(qi)車都放在水箱前面(mian)(mian)。將(jiang)氣(qi)體或蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)液體的(de)(de)裝置。發(fa)電廠(chang)使用許多冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)來(lai)(lai)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)汽(qi)輪(lun)機排(pai)出的(de)(de)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi);冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)用于制冷(leng)(leng)設備中(zhong),冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)氨和氟利昂(ang)等制冷(leng)(leng)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)。冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)用于石油化(hua)工行(xing)業,冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)碳氫化(hua)合物(wu)和其他(ta)化(hua)學蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)。在蒸(zheng)(zheng)餾過程中(zhong),將(jiang)蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)液態的(de)(de)裝置稱為(wei)冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)。所有冷(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器(qi)都是通過帶走氣(qi)體或蒸(zheng)(zheng)汽(qi)的(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)來(lai)(lai)運行(xing)的(de)(de)。

未標題-1

  1.常見(jian)冷凝器的類型和特點。

  冷凝器(qi),也稱為“液化器(qi)”,是*種(zhong)(zhong)熱(re)交(jiao)換器(qi),蒸汽(qi)在其中散發熱(re)量并液化。根據(ju)冷卻(que)介質和(he)冷卻(que)方式(shi)的不同,冷凝器(qi)可分為水冷、風(feng)冷和(he)蒸發三種(zhong)(zhong)。

  1)水(shui)冷冷凝器。

  水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器以水(shui)為冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)介(jie)質,冷(leng)(leng)凝熱(re)(re)被水(shui)的溫升(sheng)帶走。水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器具有傳熱(re)(re)效率高(gao)(gao)、結構緊(jin)湊的特點。目前,由(you)于水(shui)資源短缺,水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器中使用(yong)的冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)水(shui)*般都是(shi)循環使用(yong)的。其主要缺點是(shi)需要設置*門的冷(leng)(leng)卻(que)(que)水(shui)循環系統,初投(tou)資高(gao)(gao),水(shui)處(chu)理成本高(gao)(gao)。常用(yong)的水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器有臥式(shi)(shi)管(guan)殼式(shi)(shi)、立式(shi)(shi)管(guan)殼式(shi)(shi)和套筒式(shi)(shi)。

  水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器*般用(yong)于大中型空調制(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)裝置和(he)工(gong)業制(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng),其中常(chang)用(yong)的(de)是管(guan)(guan)殼式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器。在管(guan)(guan)殼式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器中,制(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)劑通常(chang)在管(guan)(guan)外(wai)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning),水(shui)在管(guan)(guan)內流(liu)動。目前(qian)管(guan)(guan)殼式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器有(you)兩(liang)種(zhong):光滑管(guan)(guan)束(shu)和(he)滾降翅片管(guan)(guan)(即螺旋(xuan)管(guan)(guan))。*般氨用(yong)臥式(shi)管(guan)(guan)殼式(shi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器多(duo)采用(yong)光滑管(guan)(guan)束(shu),氟利昂冷(leng)(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)器多(duo)采用(yong)滾降翅片管(guan)(guan)。

  2)風(feng)冷冷凝器。

  空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)又叫空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)。制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑在管(guan)中冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning),制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)劑釋放的(de)(de)熱(re)量(liang)被空(kong)(kong)氣帶走。有(you)自然對(dui)流空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)和強制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)流空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)。由于(yu)空(kong)(kong)氣的(de)(de)對(dui)流換(huan)熱(re)系(xi)數很低(di)(25~35W/m2K),空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)的(de)(de)換(huan)熱(re)效率不如水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng),冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)溫度和壓力都(dou)較高。另(ling)外(wai),在*定的(de)(de)傳(chuan)熱(re)負荷(he)條件下,空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)所需(xu)的(de)(de)傳(chuan)熱(re)面積(ji)大(da)(da)于(yu)水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi),因此設備(bei)體積(ji)和質量(liang)巨大(da)(da),占地面積(ji)大(da)(da)。但冷(leng)(leng)(leng)熱(re)兩用(yong)(yong)(yong),初期(qi)投資低(di),系(xi)統(tong)維護管(guan)理相對(dui)簡單。空(kong)(kong)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)汽(qi)器(qi)在工程(cheng)實(shi)踐(jian)中應用(yong)(yong)(yong)廣泛,既可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)系(xi)統(tong),也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)空(kong)(kong)調系(xi)統(tong)。它的(de)(de)優點(dian)是不需(xu)要冷(leng)(leng)(leng)卻水(shui),所以(yi)特(te)別適合缺水(shui)地區或供(gong)水(shui)困難的(de)(de)地方,尤(you)其是小型制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)空(kong)(kong)調領域。

  3)蒸發(fa)式冷(leng)凝器。

  蒸發式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)基于蒸發冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)和(he)(he)顯熱(re)(re)交(jiao)換,制(zhi)冷(leng)劑釋(shi)放(fang)的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)量同時被冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)空氣(qi)帶走。制(zhi)冷(leng)劑在(zai)(zai)管(guan)內(nei)流動(dong),冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)在(zai)(zai)管(guan)外噴淋蒸發時吸收汽化潛熱(re)(re),從而冷(leng)卻(que)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)管(guan)內(nei)制(zhi)冷(leng)劑。在(zai)(zai)蒸發式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)中,省略了(le)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)中冷(leng)卻(que)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)顯熱(re)(re)傳(chuan)遞階段(duan),使冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)溫度(du)更接近空氣(qi)的(de)(de)濕(shi)球溫度(du),比(bi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)冷(leng)式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)系(xi)統低(di)3~5℃,從而大大降(jiang)低(di)了(le)壓縮機的(de)(de)功耗(hao),耗(hao)水(shui)(shui)(shui)量僅(jin)為水(shui)(shui)(shui)冷(leng)式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)系(xi)統的(de)(de)1/3左右(you)。蒸發式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)在(zai)(zai)我國(guo)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)相(xiang)對(dui)滯后,過去主(zhu)要用(yong)于大型(xing)氨制(zhi)冷(leng)系(xi)統。近年來,由于電力(li)資源和(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)資源的(de)(de)短缺,蒸發式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)作為*種節(jie)能節(jie)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)換熱(re)(re)設備(bei),其研究和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)受到廣(guang)泛重視,促進(jin)了(le)蒸發式(shi)(shi)冷(leng)凝(ning)(ning)器(qi)(qi)產品技(ji)術的(de)(de)成熟和(he)(he)進(jin)*步應(ying)用(yong)。目前,*些制(zhi)造商已經(jing)對(dui)其結(jie)構進(jin)行了(le)改(gai)進(jin),并將(jiang)其應(ying)用(yong)于中央(yang)空調機組(zu)。

  對于那些需要(yao)控(kong)制的制冷(leng)空調系(xi)統和運行環境惡劣(lie)的系(xi)統,蒸發式冷(leng)凝(ning)器更容易滿足(zu)過程控(kong)制要(yao)求。工(gong)程應用表(biao)明(ming),該產品可(ke)替代(dai)傳統的“水(shui)冷(leng)冷(leng)凝(ning)器+冷(leng)卻塔”方式,增加的初期投資*般可(ke)在*年左(zuo)右收(shou)回,經濟效(xiao)益(yi)明(ming)顯。

  2.冷凝器(qi)中常(chang)用的強化傳熱翅片管。

  熱(re)傳遞(di)是(shi)熱(re)量通過(guo)(guo)固體(ti)壁從(cong)(cong)*種(zhong)(zhong)流體(ti)傳遞(di)到另*種(zhong)(zhong)流體(ti)的(de)過(guo)(guo)程。在工(gong)程實踐中(zhong),強化(hua)換熱(re)器的(de)傳熱(re)性能(neng)主要從(cong)(cong)強化(hua)兩側介質與換熱(re)管內外壁之間的(de)對流傳熱(re)過(guo)(guo)程入手。常用的(de)傳熱(re)強化(hua)技(ji)術包括:

  (1)表面涂層;

  (2)表面(mian)粗(cu)糙;

  (3)擴面;

  (4)各種內外(wai)螺紋管;

  (5)擾流元件;

  (6)添加劑;

  (7)沖擊傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)。在(zai)各種強化傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)技(ji)術中(zhong),在(zai)墻體(ti)上(shang)增(zeng)加翅(chi)片(pian)作為(wei)強化傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)的主要手段(duan),在(zai)工程中(zhong)得(de)到廣(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)。翅(chi)片(pian)管換熱(re)(re)器(qi)因其(qi)效率(lv)高(gao)、結(jie)構(gou)緊湊而被(bei)廣(guang)(guang)泛應用(yong)于(yu)制冷空(kong)調設(she)備、航空(kong)航天(tian)設(she)備、太(tai)陽(yang)能集熱(re)(re)器(qi)、電子設(she)備等領域(yu)。它廣(guang)(guang)泛用(yong)于(yu)冷凝器(qi)。

  翅片(pian)管種(zhong)類繁多,新品(pin)種(zhong)不(bu)斷(duan)涌現,這(zhe)方面的研究很多[4~6]。*般來(lai)說(shuo),翅片(pian)管可以根據加(jia)工工藝(yi)、翅片(pian)形狀、材料(liao)和應用進行(xing)分(fen)類。在冷凝器中,常用的翅片(pian)管有(you)以下幾種(zhong)形式。

  1)內螺紋管。

  內(nei)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)是(shi)*種常見的(de)(de)高效(xiao)換熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan),具有(you)良好的(de)(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)特(te)性(xing)。空調用(yong)水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器*般為R22系統,內(nei)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)應用(yong)廣泛,傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)系數可達930~1600W/m2K,從而降低冷(leng)(leng)凝溫度,降低冷(leng)(leng)水(shui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)壓縮(suo)機(ji)(ji)單位(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)冷(leng)(leng)量(liang)能(neng)耗(hao)。另外,水(shui)冷(leng)(leng)冷(leng)(leng)凝器尤其是(shi)大(da)型冷(leng)(leng)水(shui)機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)冷(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)*般直接取(qu)自(zi)河水(shui),水(shui)中懸浮的(de)(de)泥沙(sha)顆粒、微生物等污(wu)垢容易在換熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)內(nei)壁形(xing)成(cheng)污(wu)垢,大(da)大(da)削弱了換熱(re)(re)(re)效(xiao)果。研究表明,當(dang)冷(leng)(leng)凝器由內(nei)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)時(shi),冷(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)具有(you)臨(lin)界(jie)流(liu)量(liang)υ。當(dang)流(liu)量(liang)υ<υ臨(lin)界(jie)時(shi),無(wu)論機(ji)(ji)組(zu)運行多長(chang)時(shi)間(jian),與裸管(guan)(guan)相(xiang)比都能(neng)經(jing)濟(ji)運行。如果冷(leng)(leng)卻水(shui)流(liu)量(liang)為υ>υ臨(lin)界(jie),則(ze)必(bi)須有(you)臨(lin)界(jie)時(shi)間(jian)t臨(lin)界(jie)。當(dang)累計運行時(shi)間(jian)t≤t臨(lin)界(jie)時(shi),冷(leng)(leng)凝器選(xuan)用(yong)內(nei)螺(luo)紋(wen)(wen)(wen)管(guan)(guan)仍然是(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)。因(yin)此,只要以臨(lin)界(jie)時(shi)間(jian)為參考點,定期(qi)清洗(xi)冷(leng)(leng)凝器,能(neng)保(bao)持機(ji)(ji)組(zu)的(de)(de)經(jing)濟(ji)運行。

  2)整體螺旋翅(chi)片(pian)管。

  整(zheng)體螺(luo)旋翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)由(you)*用設(she)備(bei)——整(zheng)體螺(luo)旋翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)加工設(she)備(bei)*次性(xing)成型,翅(chi)片(pian)呈螺(luo)旋狀。整(zheng)體翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)可分為雙金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)和單金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)。雙金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)由(you)銅(tong)鋁(lv)復合管(guan)(guan)和鋼鋁(lv)復合管(guan)(guan)兩種不同材料(liao)的金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)(guan)制(zhi)成,單根金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)由(you)鋁(lv)管(guan)(guan)或銅(tong)管(guan)(guan)軋制(zhi)而成。由(you)于沒有接觸熱阻問題,翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)的傳熱性(xing)能可以大大提高。整(zheng)體螺(luo)旋翅(chi)片(pian)管(guan)(guan)的基本結構如圖2所示(shi)。

  整(zheng)體螺旋翅片(pian)管作(zuo)為換(huan)熱(re)設備中的(de)重要換(huan)熱(re)元(yuan)件,廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)供熱(re)制冷系統的(de)冷凝(ning)器中,也可(ke)廣泛應(ying)用于(yu)石油、化工(gong)、電力、冶(ye)金(jin)、烘焙、余(yu)熱(re)回收等各種(zhong)有換(huan)熱(re)過程的(de)工(gong)農(nong)業生(sheng)(sheng)產和生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)領域。

  3)螺旋槽管。

  螺(luo)(luo)旋槽(cao)(cao)管(guan),即(ji)螺(luo)(luo)紋槽(cao)(cao)管(guan),通過在基(ji)管(guan)上加(jia)工螺(luo)(luo)旋槽(cao)(cao)而(er)形成,如(ru)圖3所示(shi)。強化傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)的(de)機理是邊界(jie)(jie)層分離(li)流動導致傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)邊界(jie)(jie)的(de)破壞。螺(luo)(luo)旋槽(cao)(cao)管(guan)可(ke)分為單頭(tou)(tou)和(he)多(duo)頭(tou)(tou)。考慮到傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)效果和(he)阻力因素的(de)綜合影響(xiang),工程(cheng)上*般采(cai)用單頭(tou)(tou)。實踐證明,螺(luo)(luo)旋槽(cao)(cao)管(guan)可(ke)以強化液-液、液-氣(qi)(qi)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)-氣(qi)(qi)之(zhi)間的(de)傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)過程(cheng)。與(yu)光管(guan)相比,總(zong)傳(chuan)熱(re)(re)系數可(ke)提(ti)高20%~40%,可(ke)用于各種(zhong)換熱(re)(re)器和(he)廢熱(re)(re)鍋(guo)爐。

  螺紋翅片管(guan)、嵌套翅片管(guan)、波紋管(guan)、螺旋扭曲(qu)管(guan)、螺旋纏繞管(guan)等(deng)高效(xiao)傳(chuan)熱元件在冷凝(ning)器中得到了廣泛應用(yong),傳(chuan)熱效(xiao)果(guo)得到了顯(xian)著改善。此外,新(xin)的齒形(xing)傳(chuan)熱管(guan)不斷出現。與光(guang)管(guan)相比,它(ta)們有以下共同(tong)特點:

  (1)不(bu)同(tong)形(xing)狀(zhuang)的翅(chi)片(pian)會使(shi)傳熱壁變得(de)粗糙(cao),從(cong)而破壞靜態(tai)層(ceng)流(liu)邊界層(ceng),提高對流(liu)傳熱系(xi)數,不(bu)同(tong)程度地增強傳熱;

  (2)在*定的(de)(de)負(fu)荷條(tiao)件下,冷凝器(qi)所需的(de)(de)面(mian)積可以大大減(jian)少;

  (3)根據大(da)(da)多數人(ren)的(de)常識(shi),粗糙(cao)的(de)翅片管(guan)表面容易造成(cheng)結垢(gou)(gou);事實上,粗糙(cao)表面造成(cheng)的(de)湍流(liu)破(po)壞了(le)靜態邊(bian)界(jie)層,使污垢(gou)(gou)難(nan)以(yi)附著(zhu);即使有污垢(gou)(gou)附著(zhu),污垢(gou)(gou)也是以(yi)離散鱗(lin)片的(de)形式存在的(de)。設備運(yun)行(xing)時,溫(wen)度(du)變化使管(guan)道膨(peng)脹收縮(suo),由于污垢(gou)(gou)與管(guan)壁材料(liao)膨(peng)脹差異(yi)巨大(da)(da),會造成(cheng)脫皮,在介質的(de)沖擊下自行(xing)消失。

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